O.C.E.A.N

hello my dear readers...glad to be writing again..hope my last post on punishment was helpful enough for u..

today, i'm going to write on something regarding personality.. it is something quite interesting that i would like to share to u.. well, today i would like to write on the Big Five personality theory...also known as the O.C.E.A.N...

Basically, Big Five theory or also known as the five factor model,  is the five broad dimensions in personality that is used to describe the human personality, in psychology. the five dimensions consist of Openness. Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. hence, its acronym is OCEAN

alright..now let's have a look at each of the dimensions.

1) Extraversion
.In the big 5 theory of personality, extraversion is one of the five core traits believed to make up human personality. Extraversion is characterized by sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and excitability.

People who are high in extraversion tend to seek out social stimulation and opportunities to engage with others. These individuals are often described as being full of life, energy and positivity. In group situations, extraverts are likely to talk often and assert themselves


Introverts, on the other hand, are people who are low in extraversion. They tend to be quiet, reserved and less involved in social situations. It is important to note that introversion and shyness are not the same thing. People low in extraversion are not afraid of social situations, they simply prefer to spend more time alone and do not need as much social stimulation.

Basically, extraverts are party lovers with their motto ‘lets liven things up’.

2) Agreeableness

A person who is agreeable generally has positive social interactions, is pleasant to be around, works to help others, and cooperates well in group situations. He also tends to show affection readily and often. In other words, an agreeable individual is highly prosocial.

A person who is low in agreeableness shows the opposite behaviors, including being difficult and demanding in groups, being untrusting of others' intentions and lacking in social skills. Most people fall somewhere between the two extremes.

Disagreeable individuals are usually aggressive and get involved into social conflicts. On the other hand, agreeable individuals stick to the motto  “let’s all get along”.

3) Conscientiousness

Someone who is high in conscientiousness tends to be on time or early for appointments, is highly responsible and works toward long-term goals with little or no supervision. 

A person who is low in conscientiousness may not come through on obligations, tends to complete assignments hastily or not at all and often makes impulsive decisions. There is, of course, a range of behaviors between these two extremes.

Conscientious individuals are usually industrious, display more passion and preseverance in long term goals whereas less conscientious individuals tend to procrastinate with their motto “ never put off until tomorrow what you can put off until the day after tomorrow”.

4) Neuroticism

An enduring tendency to experience negative emotional states, such as anxiety, anger, guilt and depression. 

Those who score high on neuroticism scales are more likely than average to respond poorly to stress and to interpret situations as threatening or hopelessly difficult.

High scorers on neuroticism tend to have frequent suicidal ideation. 

They also engage in self-handicapping which is the tendency to create obstacles to successful achievement in performance or competitive situations in order to protect one’s self-esteem.

5) Openness

A person who is high in openness to experience is creative, flexible, curious and adventurous. He enjoys having his mind and senses stimulated, such as by viewing art, listening to new music, sampling exotic cuisine and reading literature and poetry. An open person likes to have variety in his day-to-day life and craves novelty.

On the other hand, a person who is low in openness to experience tends to enjoy following routines, likes predictability and structure and tends not to engage his imagination on a regular basis. His beliefs typically match the status quo and his choices in occupation, apparel and other purchases tend to go along with the mainstream standards.

so, basically that explains all the five dimensions under Big Five theory. here i would like to share to you a video that I and my group members did together for a presentation regarding this topic..so that you can understand what is this Big 5 theory is all about..so hope its helpful enough..

so till we meet again in my next post,..see yah.. :D

Punishment

Hye, everyone... Im back again!!! hope u are doing good...

well, as i promised u in my previous post on reinforcement, im going to write about punishments in this new post. hope u'll enjoy reading it.

first of all, let's see what is punishment. punishment is defined as the consequence that occurs immediately after an operant behavior, that reduces the occurrence of the same behavior in the future. basically, punishment attempts to decrease the likelihood of an unpleasant behavior from occurring again in the future.

there are two types of punishment which are positive punishment and negative punishment. both positive and negative punishment are defined as follow:

positive punishment - the occurrence of an unpleasant behavior is followed by an immediate consequence of adding or increasing the intensity of an aversive stimulus, to reduce the occurrence of the behavior in the future.

negative punishment - the occurrence of an unpleasant behavior is followed by an immediate consequence of removing or decreasing the intensity of an pleasant stimulus, to reduce the occurrence of the behavior in the future,

therefore, both positive and negative punishments attempts to reduce the occurrence of the behavior in the future but works in a different way. the examples provided below will help u to differentiate both of the stimulus.

examples :

positive punishment :

John fights with his brother and hits him. therefore, the mother punishes him for hitting his brother by grounding him in his room. hence the unpleasant target behavior (John hitting his brother), is immediately followed by introducing an aversive stimulus as its consequence (the mother grounded him). since, John would hate to be grounded, he would not repeat his behavior in the future because he learned that if he hit his brother, he will be grounded by his mother. this, results in the decrease of the behavior in the future.

negative punishment - 

John fights with his brother and hits him. therefore, the mother punishes him for hitting his brother by not allowing him to watch television. hence, the unpleasant target behavior (John hitting his brother) is followed by removing the pleasant stimulus as its consequence (the mother doesn't allow him to watch television). since, John love to watch television, and he would hate it if someone doesn't allow him to do so, he would not repeat his behavior in the future. this is because, he learned that if he hit his brother, his mother won't let him to watch television. this, results in the decrease of the behavior in the future.

based on the examples provided, i would like to conclude that positive punishment involves presenting an unpleasant stimulus as the consequence of a behavior whereas negative punishment involves the removal of a pleasant stimulus as the consequence of a behavior. 

for further information regarding punishment and the differences between punishment and reinforcement, u can refer to the links below:

http://psychology.about.com/od/operantconditioning/f/punishment.htm

http://allpsych.com/psychology101/reinforcement.html

here's a video that can help u to know more on punishment..enjoy watching..

so, thats all from me for now..till we meet again in my next post..see yah..take care.. :D

REINFORCEMENT

hye everyone...how are you all doing?? hope you are still in a good shape..

well, today i intend to write about reinforcements...u might be wondering what is that all about and how does it be helpful..actually,reinforcement are one of the ways used to modify a target behavior. wait, what is target behavior now?? target behavior is the a undesirable or desirable behavior that you intend to increase or decrease in terms of its frequency, intensity, duration or latency. basically, a target behavior is the behavior that you intend to change or acquire. for instance, you might have nail biting behavior and you plan to get rid of it. so, that nail biting behavior is now referred to as the target behavior.

so how does these reinforcement work in  modifying the target behavior?? before that,  let's have a look at what is reinforcement.

 reinforcement is defined as, the occurrence of a particular behavior is followed by an immediate consequence that results in the strengthening of the behavior.  the consequence that strengthens the behavior is called a reinforcer. there are two types of reinforcement which are:

1) positive reinforcement - the occurrence of a behavior is followed by the addition of a stimulus (reinforcer) or an increase in the intensity of the stimulus which results in the strengthening of the behavior.

2) negative reinforcement - the occurrence of a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus which results in the strengthening of the behavior.

both positive and negative reinforcement strengthens the target behavior and results in increased occurrence of the behavior in future. the difference between positive and negative reinforcement is in the term of whether the stimulus is added or removed. in positive reinforcement, everytime a desirable behavior occured, the person is rewarded with something pleasant immediately thus increasing the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring in the future. however, in negative reinforcement, every time a desirable behavior oocured, the person is rewarded by removing an aversive or unpleasant stimulus, thus increasing the likelihood of the reoccurrence of the behavior.

example:

1) positive reinforcement

- A child managed to clean his room on his own. following that, the mother allows him to play his favourite computer game. in this case, the target behavior is cleaning the room on his own and the positive reinforcer is being able to play computer game. hence, here a pleasant stimulus (computer game) is introduced immediately following the behavior (cleaning the room). therefore this increases the likelihood of the child cleaning his room on his own in the future, because he knows that if he do that, he will be allowed to play computer games.

2) negative reinforcement

- a child managed to clean his room. following that, his mom stops nagging him. in this case, it is almost similar to the above situation but there is slight difference in the way the reinforcer is administered. in this situation, the target behavior is cleaning the room on own and the negative reinforcer is mom stops nagging. hence, here an adversive stimulus also known as unpleasant stimulus  (mom nagging) is removed immediately following the behavior ( cleaning the room). therefore this increases the likelihood of the child cleaning his room in the future, because he knows that by doing so he can make sure his mom stops nagging.

basically both these positive and negative reinforcement works to increase the occurrence of a desirable target behavior in the future. u might be wondering how to decrease the occurrence of an undesirable target behavior in the future.. that one i'll explain in my next post. so, till then see yah